Efectos del entrenamiento aeróbico y de fuerza combinados vs entrenamiento aeróbico sobre capacidad aeróbica y fuerza muscular en pacientes con enfermedad de las arterias coronarias / Effects of combined aerobic and strength training vs aerobic training on aerobic capacity and muscular strength in patients with coronary artery disease

El objetivo de esta revisión fue comparar la influencia del entrenamiento aeróbico y de fuerza combinados (EAFC) con el entrenamiento aeróbico (EA) sobre capacidad aeróbica, fuerza muscular y otras variables relevantes en la rehabilitación cardíaca (RC) de pacientes con enfermedad de las arterias coronaria (EAC). Realizamos una revisión de revisiones sistemáticas y meta análisis en PubMed hasta el 27 de abril de 2019. Se identificaron un total de 30 artículos y se seleccionaron finalmente 3 estudios para esta revisión. La calidad general de los estudios incluidos fue moderada (AMSTAR-2). El EAFC presentó mayores mejorías en comparación al EA sobre capacidad aeróbica, composición corporal y fuerza muscular en pacientes adultos (rango de edad media: 45-73 años) con EAC. Esta revisión agrega evidencia adicional que el EAFC presenta mejoras clínicamente significativas sobre capacidad aeróbica y fuerza muscular en comparación al EA. Son necesarios más estudios que permitan establecer conclusiones consistentes de los efectos del EAFC en comparación al EA sobre calidad de vida. Además, son necesarios más estudios que analicen diferentes protocolos del EAFC y que permitan establecer su prescripción más eficiente en la RC de esta población.

The objective of this review was to compare the influence of combined aerobic and strength training (EAFC) with aerobic training (EA) on aerobic capacity, muscle strength and other relevant variables in cardiac rehabilitation (RC) of patients with coronary artery disease (EAC). We conducted a review of systematic reviews and meta-analyzes in PubMed up to 27 April 2019. A total of 30 articles were identified and 3 studies were finally selected for this review. The overall quality of the included studies was moderate (AMSTAR-2). EAFC showed greater improvements compared to EA on aerobic capacity, body composition and muscle strength in adult patients (mean age range: 45-73 years) with EAC. This review adds additional evidence that EAFC presents clinically significant improvements in aerobic capacity and muscular strength compared to EA. More studies are needed to establish consistent conclusions about the effects of EAFC compared to EA on quality of life. In addition, more studies are needed to analyze different protocols of the EAFC and to establish their most efficient prescription in CR of this population.

Efeito de um programa educativo na realização de atividade física em indivíduos submetidos à primeira intervenção coronária percutânea: ensaio clínico aleatorizado / Effect of an educational program on physical activity in individuals submitted the first percutaneous coronary intervention: Randomized clinical trial

Introdução. A doença arterial coronariana (DAC), principal causa de morte no Brasil em adultos, requer implementação de medidas de promoção da saúde direcionadas para prevenção primária e secundária. Programas educativos, focalizados nas mudanças de estilo de vida, incluindo a realização de atividade física, constituem importante medida para a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivos. Comparar o efeito de um programa educativo, que incluiu orientações sobre reabilitação cardiovascular focadas na atividade física e reforço por telefone, durante o período da internação (T0 - abordagem inicial) a cinco a sete meses após a alta (T1 - seguimento) de pacientes submetidos à primeira intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) com o serviço de rotina hospitalar. Método. Ensaio clínico controlado e aleatorizado. Foram incluídos pacientes que realizaram a primeira ICP, maiores de 18 anos e que dispunham de linha telefônica. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e registrado no sistema ClinicalTrials.gov. Em T0 todos os participantes responderam aos instrumentos de caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica, Questionário de Atividade Física Habitual de Baecke (QAFH-Baecke), Escala de Autoeficácia para a Prática de Atividade Física, Estado de Saúde Percebido (SF-36) e Sintomas de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS). Após a aleatorização, participantes do grupo intervenção (GI) receberam o programa educativo, fundamentado na Teoria Social Cognitiva, focado na atividade física, com uso de cartilha e seguimento telefônico (três contatos). O grupo controle (GC) recebeu informações conforme a rotina na alta hospitalar. Em T1, todos os participantes responderam novamente aos instrumentos. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, teste de Mann-Whitney para todas as variáveis e análise univariada de covariância (ANCOVA) para as medidas de atividade física habitual e autoeficácia para atividade física. Foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxcon para comparar as medidas intragrupo dos desfechos estado de saúde percebido e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados. Os participantes do grupo intervenção apresentaram escores mais altos para a prática de atividade física habitual e autoeficácia para a atividade física do que os participantes do grupo controle em T1 (p <0,001). Na análise univariada de covariância (ANCOVA), constataram-se que as diferenças nos níveis de atividade física habitual e autoeficácia para atividade física resultaram da implementação do programa educativo (F [1,106]=9,05, p<0,001). Não houve diferença, entre GC e GI, em relação ao estado de saúde percebido e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em ambos os períodos. Na comparação intragrupo dessas medidas, observou-se aumento das medianas dos escores do Sumário do Componente Físico do SF-36 e dos sintomas de ansiedade nos dois grupos em T1 (p<0,001). Conclusão. O programa educativo foi efetivo em aumentar a atividade física habitual e autoeficácia para a prática de atividade física em indivíduos com DAC submetidos à primeira ICP, na avaliação do seguimento.

Introduction. Coronary artery disease (CAD), the main cause of death in Brazil in adults, requires the implementation of health promotion measures for primary and secondary prevention. Educational programs focused on lifestyle changes, including physical activity, are an important measure for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aims. Compare the effect of an educational program, which included guidelines on cardiac rehabilitation focused on physical activity and telephone follow-up, during the period of hospitalization (T0 - baseline) until five to seven months after discharge (T1 - follow-up), of patients submitted the first percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with routine hospital service. Method. Controlled and randomized clinical trial. Patients who underwent the first PCI, over 18 years of age and who had a telephone line were included. The study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee and was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov system. At T0, all participants responded the sociodemographic and clinical characterization instruments, Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ), Self-efficacy Scale for Physical Activity, Perceived Health Status (SF-36) and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression (HADS). After randomization, all participants in the intervention group (IG) received the educational program, based on the Social Cognitive Theory, focused on physical activity, using a booklet and telephone follow-up (three contacts). The control group (CG) received information according to a hospital discharge routine. At T1, all participants again answered the instruments. Descriptive analyses and the Mann-Whitney test were applied for all variables; univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for measures of habitual physical activity and self-efficacy for physical activity; and the Wilcoxcon test to compare the intragroup measures of the perceived health status outcomes and symptoms of anxiety and depression. The level of significance adopted was 0.05. Results. The participants of the intervention group showed higher scores for the practice of habitual physical activity and self-efficacy for physical activity than the participants in the control group at T1 (p<0.001). In the univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), the differences in the levels of habitual physical activity and self-efficacy for physical activity resulted from the implementation of the educational program (F [1.106]=9.05, p<0.001). There was no difference, between CG and IG, in relation to the perceived health status and symptoms of anxiety and depression in both periods. In the intragroup comparison of these measures, there was increase of the median scores in the SF-36 Physical Component Summary and in the anxiety symptoms in both groups at T1 (p<0.001). Conclusion. The educational program was effective in increasing the habitual physical activity and self-efficacy for the practice of physical activity in individuals with CAD submitted the first PCI, in the evaluation of follow-up.

Validation of the Brazilian Version of CADE-Q II to Assess Knowledge of Coronary Artery Disease Patients / Validação da Versão Brasileira em Português do CADE-Q II para Avaliar o Conhecimento de Pacientes com Doença Arterial Coronariana

Abstract Background: The Coronary Artery Disease Education Questionnaire (CADE-Q), an instrument aimed at assessing patients' knowledge about coronary artery disease (CAD), was originally developed and psychometrically validated in Brazil. It was later translated, cross-culturally adapted, and validated to English. Although both versions demonstrated good reliability and validity, new studies in the area have pointed out the need of implementing the CADE-Q with other components of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs, such as psychologic factors, which had not been considered in previous version and were added in the subsequent, adapted version. Thus, a second version of CADE-Q was developed in English, the CADE-Q II. Objective: to translate, culturally adapt and psychometrically validate the CADE-Q II in Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: After translation and review by a Committee of specialists in CR, a version in Brazilian Portuguese was generated and tested in 307 patients in CR. Test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in 49 patients; internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α); and, criterion validity was assessed regarding patients' educational level and family income. The level of significance adopted for all tests was 5%. Results: After the ICC analysis, 4 items were excluded. The questionnaire was considered internally consistent (α > 0.7). Associations were found between the mean total scores and the variables schooling (p < 0.001) and income (p < 0.001). Median total score was 53 (14) points corresponding to 65.4% of the total possible score. Conclusion: The Portuguese version of the CADE-Q II showed sufficient reliability, consistency and validity, supporting its use in future studies.

Resumo Fundamento: O questionário para avaliar o conhecimento de pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (CADE-Q) foi originalmente desenvolvido e validado no Brasil. Mais tarde foi traduzido, adaptado culturalmente e validado para o inglês. Embora ambas as versões possuam boa confiabilidade e validade, com o avanço dos estudos da área observou-se a necessidade de implementar o CADE-Q com outros componentes envolvidos em programas de reabilitação cardíaca (RC), como fatores psicológicos, que não tinham sido abordados na versão anterior e foram adicionados nesta versão. Devido a isso, uma segunda versão foi desenvolvida em inglês, o CADE-Q II. Objetivo: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar psicometricamente para o português o questionário CADE-Q II. Métodos: A versão em português foi gerada (após tradução e revisão por um comitê de especialistas em RC) e testada em 307 pacientes em programas de RC. A confiabilidade teste e reteste foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) em 49 pacientes, a consistência interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach (α), e a validade de critério foi avaliada em relação à escolaridade e renda familiar mensal dos pacientes. O nível de significância adotado para todos os testes foi de 5%. Resultados: Após a análise do CCI, quatro itens foram excluídos da versão em português. O questionário foi considerado internamente consistente (α > 0,7). Foram encontradas associações entre os escores totais médios e as variáveis escolaridade (p < 0,001) e renda (p < 0,001). A mediana da pontuação total foi de 53 (14) pontos correspondendo a 65,4% do escore total possível. Conclusão: A versão em português do CADE-Q II apresentou confiabilidade, consistência e validade suficientes, apoiando a sua utilização em estudos futuros.

Validation of the Brazilian-Portuguese Version of a Short Questionnaire to Assess Knowledge in Cardiovascular Disease Patients (CADE-Q SV) / Validação da Versão Brasileira do Questionário Curto para Avaliar Conhecimento de Pacientes com Doenças Cardiovasculares (CADE-Q SV)

Abstract Background: Patient education is an essential part of cardiovascular patients' care targeting self-management behavior to reduce risk factors and subsequent events. Herein, a short and reliable tool to assess patients' knowledge in Brazil is warranted. Objectives: To translate, culturally-adapt and psychometrically validate the Portuguese version of the Coronary Artery Disease Education Questionnaire Short Version (CADE-Q SV). Methods: The Portuguese CADE-Q SV - translated and culturally-adapted - was reviewed by five bilingual experts in cardiovascular disease. This version was then pre-tested in 21 patients, and clarity of items was checked using a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 = not clear to 10 = very clear. It was then psychometrically tested in 200 cardiovascular patients (41%women; mean age = 58.4 ± 11.6 years old). The internal consistency was assessed using Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) and Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis, and construct validity regarding educational level, family income, and time of diagnosis. Results: All questions were considered clear by patients (clarity range:7.8-9.6). KR-20 was 0.70. All ICC values were > 0.70. Factor analysis revealed 6 factors, all internally consistent. Construct validity was supported by significant differences in total scores by educational level and family income (p < 0.001). The overall mean was 13.08 ± 2.61. The area with the highest knowledge was risk factors and the lowest was psychosocial risk. Conclusions: The Portuguese CADE-SV was demonstrated to have good validity and reliability. This tool can be applicable in clinical and research settings, assessing cardiovascular patients' knowledge as part of an education programming.

Resumo Fundamento: A educação é parte essencial do atendimento dos pacientes cardiovasculares, visando ao autocuidado, para reduzir os fatores de risco. Assim, uma ferramenta curta e confiável para avaliar o conhecimento dos pacientes no Brasil é necessária. Objetivo: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar psicometricamente a versão em português do Coronary Artery Disease Education Questionnaire Short Version (CADE-Q SV). Métodos: CADE-Q SV português foi revisado por cinco especialistas em doenças cardiovasculares bilíngues e testado em 21 pacientes, avaliando clareza dos itens por uma escala tipo Likert variando de 1 = não clara a 10 = muito clara. Foi testada psicometricamente em 200 pacientes cardiovasculares (41% mulheres; média de idade = 58,4 ± 11,6 anos). Consistência interna foi avaliada usando o Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) e o alfa de Cronbach; teste-reteste de confiabilidade por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC); estrutura de fatores usando análise fatorial; e validade de construto em relação ao nível educacional, renda familiar e tempo de diagnóstico. Resultados: Todas as perguntas foram consideradas claras pelos pacientes (faixa de clareza: 7,8-9,6). O KR-20 foi de 0,70. Todos os valores ICC foram > 0,70. A análise dos fatores revelou 6 fatores, todos consistentes. A validade do construto foi sustentada por diferenças significativas nas pontuações totais por nível educacional e renda familiar (p < 0,001). A média geral foi de 13,08 ± 2,61. A área com maior conhecimento foi fatores de risco e menor risco psicossocial. Conclusão: O CADE-SV português demonstrou ter boa validade e confiabilidade; podendo ser aplicado em contextos clínicos e de pesquisa, avaliando o conhecimento dos pacientes com doença cardiovascular.

Apolipoprotein B and angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms and aerobic interval training: randomized controlled trial in coronary artery disease patients

Physical training has been strongly recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD). Genetic polymorphisms have been studied to understand the biological variability in response to exercise among individuals. This study aimed to verify the possible influence of apolipoprotein B (ApoB: rs1042031 and rs693) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-ID: rs1799752) genotypes on the lipid profile and functional aerobic capacity, respectively, after an aerobic interval training (AIT) program in patients with CAD and/or cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty-six men were randomized and assigned to trained group (n=32) or control group (n=34). Cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) from cardiorespiratory variables. The AIT program, at an intensity equivalent to %VAT (70-110%), was conducted three times a week for 16 weeks. ApoB gene polymorphisms (−12669C>T (rs1042031) and −7673G>A (rs693)) were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene (rs1799752) was identified through PCR and fragment size analysis. After 16 weeks, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels increased in the trained and control groups with the GA+AA genotype (−7673G>A) of the ApoB gene. Trained groups with ACE-II and ACE-ID genotypes presented an increase in oxygen consumption (VO2VAT) and power output after the AIT program. The presence of the ACE I-allele was associated with increased aerobic functional capacity after the AIT program. Increased LDL levels were observed over time in patients with the −7673G>A polymorphism of the ApoB gene. Trial Registration Information: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02313831

Factores determinantes de éxito de la rehabilitación cardiovascular en pacientes coronarios sometidos a revascularización miocárdica / Cardiovascular Rehabilitation in patients following myocardial revascularization: factors associated to program success

Resumen: Introducción: La rehabilitación cardiovascular ha demostrado tener efectos beneficiosos en pacientes con antecedentes de patología coronaria. Objetivos: Identificar los factores que determinan el resultado de un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular (PRC) aplicado a pacientes coronarios revascularizados. Métodos: 67 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de bypass o angioplastia fueron evaluados en su capacidad funcional mediante el test de marcha de 6 minutos (TM) al inicio y al completar el programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular. La distancia recorrida en el test de marcha fue correlacionada con la edad, capacidad funcional previa al PRC, tiempo en completar el pro-grama, tiempo que media entre la intervención y el inicio del programa, duración del programa y tipo de revascularización. Además, se comparó el incremento de la capacidad funcional entre los pacientes que fueron derivados a 36 sesiones con los referidos a solo 12. Resultados: 67 pacientes cumplieron los criterios para evaluación del PRC. Globalmente, se observó una mejoría de 12% (511,4 a 573,4 m) en la distancia del TM (p<0.001)). El mayor beneficio, en términos de distancia en el TM se obtuvo al efectuar un programa con más sesiones (36 vs 12) con valores de 20% y 8%, respectivamente (p<0.002). El poder terminar el PRC de 36 sesiones más rápidamente (entre 10 y 13 semanas vs entre 14 y 24 semanas se asoció a una mayor incremente en el TM con valores de 19% vs 10%, respectivamente (p<0,003). El incremento en el TM no difirió entre 3 grupos de edad (desde 49 a 85 años); en el tiempo que transcurre entre la intervención y el inicio del PRC (antes vs después de la 8a semana post revascularización), al tipo de revascularización a la que fue sometido el paciente (cirugía o angioplastía) y a la capacidad funcional previa que estos presentan al inicio del PRC. Conclusión: El PRC es efectivo en mejorar significativamente la capacidad funcional de pacientes revascularizados, especialmente cuando el número de sesiones del programa es mayor y cuando se realiza con una frecuencia de al menos 3 veces por semana. El PRC es igualmente efectivo en pacientes enviados a rehabilitación en forma más precoz, como también lo es en sujetos más añosos. Estos efectos fueron independientes del tipo de revascularización.

Abstracts: Introduction : Background: Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Programs (CRP) have been shown to produce be-neficial effects in patients with coronary artery disease. Aim: to identify factors associated to CRP success in patients who underwent myocardial revascularization Methods: 67 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary artery angioplasty (PTCA) were evaluated for functional capacity by means of a standard 6 min walking test (6mWT), before and after completion of the CRP. Distance covered during the test was correlated with age, prior functional class, time employed to complete CRP, time from coronary intervention and CRP initiation, CRP duration and type of revascularization. In addition, patients referred for a 36 sessions CRP were compared to those referred to only 12 sessions. Results: 67 patients met inclusion criteria. Overall, there was a 12% increase (511,4 to 573,4 m) in 6mWT distance (p<0.001). The greatest benefit was obtained with the 36 session CRP as compared to a 12 session CRP (20 vs 8% (p<0.002). Also, completion of a 36 session CRP between 10 and 13 weeks compared to 14 to 24 weeks revealed a greater benefit in the former group (19% vs 10%, respectively (p<0.003). There was no difference in 6minWT distance in 3 groups of age (extending from 49 to 85 years-old); In addition, time from intervention to initiation of CRP (before vs after 8 weeks), type of revascularization or functional capacity at the beginning of CRP showed any difference in 6mWT distance. Conclusion: CRP is a highly effective intervention to improve functional capacity in patients following myocardial revascularization, more so when more sessions are employed and when at least 3 sessions per week are implemented. The program is equally effective in patients starting CRP early after revascularization, and benefit is independent from patient age.

Cardiorespiratory performance of coronary artery disease patients on land versus underwater treadmill tests: a comparative study

OBJECTIVE: To compare responses to a cardiopulmonary exercise test on land versus on an underwater treadmill, to assess the cardiorespiratory performance of coronary artery disease patients while immersed in warm water and to compare with the performance of healthy individuals. METHODS: The sample population consisted of 40 subjects, which included 20 coronary artery disease patients aged 63.7±8.89 years old, functional class I and II, according to the New York Hearth Association, and 20 healthy subjects aged 64.7±7.09 years old. The statistical significances were calculated through an ANOVA test with a (1 - β) power of 0.861. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00989248 (22). RESULTS: Significant differences were uncovered in coronary artery disease group regarding the variables heart beats (HB), (p>0.01), oxygen consumption (VO2), (p>0.01) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) (p<0.01). Also, for the same group, in relation to the environment, water versus on land for HB, VO2, VCO2 and oxygen for each heart beat (VO2/HB) all of than (p<0.01). The stages for data collected featured the subject's performance throughout the experiment, and within the given context, variables rating of perceived exertion (RPE), HB, VO2, VCO2 and VO2/HB (p<0.01) showed significant interactions between test stages and environment. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between the etiology and the test stages for the variables HB, VO2 and VCO2 (p<0.01). Electrocardiographic changes compatible with myocardial ischemia or arrhythmia were not observed. The subjects exhibited lower scores on Borg's perceived exertion scale in the water than at every one of the test stages on land (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This study show that a cardiopulmonary exercise test can be safely conducted in subjects in immersion and that the procedures, resources and equipment used yielded replicable and reliable data. Significant differences observed in water versus on land allow us to conclude that coronary artery disease patients are able to do physical exercise in water and that the physiological effects of immersion do not present any risk for such patients, as exercise was well tolerated by all subjects.

Efeito do treinamento de força na potência muscular de membros inferiores de idosos coronariopatas / Effect of resistance training on muscular power of lower limbs of elderly with coronary artery disease

Introdução: A força e a potência muscular têm relação direta com a capacidade funcional de idosos. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito absoluto e relativo da potência muscular de membros inferiores em idosos portadores de doença arterial coronariana. Métodos: Dez homens sedentários participaram de 24 sessões de treinamento de força compostas por 2 séries de 6 a 8 repetições máximas e 1 minuto de intervalo. No início, os exercícios foram: meio agachamento, step, flexão plantar. E após: extensão e flexão dos joelhos, adução e abdução do quadril sentado. A potência muscular foi mensurada nos momentos: pré, após 12 e 24 sessões. Resultados: Após 24 sessões de treinamento de força foram encontrados aumentos na potência muscular absoluta (p< 0.0001) e relativa (p<0.0001; p<0.0001) em relação à condição pré-treinamento, respectivamente. Conclusão: Vinte e quatro sessões de treinamento de força parecem ser suficientes para aumentar a PM absoluta e relativa de idosos coronariopatas. (AU)

Introduction: Strength and muscle power have a direct relationship with functional capacity in elderly people. Objective: Verify absolute and relative gains in muscle power of lower limbs in elderly people with coronary artery disease. Methods: Ten untrained men subjects participated of 24 sessions of resistance training composed by 2 sets of 6 to 8 maximum repetitions and 1 minute rest interval. Initially, the exercises were: half squat, step up and plantar flexion. And after: leg extension, leg curl, seated hip adduction and seated hip abduction. The muscle power was measured at times: pre, post 12 and 24 sessions. Results: After 24 sessions of resistance training were found increases in absolute muscle power (p< 0.0001) and relative (p< 0.0001) regarding the condition pre-training, respectively. Conclusion: Twenty four sessions of resistance training appear to be sufficient to increase absolute and relative muscle power in elderly people with coronary artery disease. (AU)

Effects of continuous vs interval exercise training on oxygen uptake efficiency slope in patients with coronary artery disease

The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a submaximal index incorporating cardiovascular, peripheral, and pulmonary factors that determine the ventilatory response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous exercise training and interval exercise training on the OUES in patients with coronary artery disease. Thirty-five patients (59.3±1.8 years old; 28 men, 7 women) with coronary artery disease were randomly divided into two groups: continuous exercise training (n=18) and interval exercise training (n=17). All patients performed graded exercise tests with respiratory gas analysis before and 3 months after the exercise-training program to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), respiratory compensation point, and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2). The OUES was assessed based on data from the second minute of exercise until exhaustion by calculating the slope of the linear relation between oxygen uptake and the logarithm of total ventilation. After the interventions, both groups showed increased aerobic fitness (P<0.05). In addition, both the continuous exercise and interval exercise training groups demonstrated an increase in OUES (P<0.05). Significant associations were observed in both groups: 1) continuous exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.57; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.57); 2) interval exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.80; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.67). Continuous and interval exercise training resulted in a similar increase in OUES among patients with coronary artery disease. These findings suggest that improvements in OUES among CAD patients after aerobic exercise training may be dependent on peripheral and central mechanisms.

Effect of exercise training on ventilatory efficiency in patients with heart disease: a review

The analysis of ventilatory efficiency in cardiopulmonary exercise testing has proven useful for assessing the presence and severity of cardiorespiratory diseases. During exercise, efficient pulmonary gas exchange is characterized by uniform matching of lung ventilation with perfusion. By contrast, mismatching is marked by inefficient pulmonary gas exchange, requiring increased ventilation for a given CO2 production. The etiology of increased and inefficient ventilatory response to exercise in heart disease is multifactorial, involving both peripheral and central mechanisms. Exercise training has been recommended as non-pharmacological treatment for patients with different chronic cardiopulmonary diseases. In this respect, previous studies have reported improvements in ventilatory efficiency after aerobic exercise training in patients with heart disease. Against this background, the primary objective of the present review was to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in abnormal ventilatory response to exercise, with an emphasis on both patients with heart failure syndrome and coronary artery disease. Secondly, special focus was dedicated to the role of aerobic exercise training in improving indices of ventilatory efficiency among these patients, as well as to the underlying mechanisms involved.

Interval training based on ventilatory anaerobic threshold increases cardiac vagal modulation and decreases high-sensitivity c-reative protein: randomized clinical trial in coronary artery disease

Background: Autonomic dysfunction and inflammatory activity are involved in the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD), and exercise training has been shown to confer a cardiovascular benefit. Objective: To evaluate the effects that interval training (IT) based on ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) has on heart rate variability (HRV) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, as well as the relationship between both levels, in patients with CAD and/or cardiovascular risk factors (RF). Method: Forty-two men (aged 57.88±6.20 years) were divided into two training groups, CAD-T (n= 12) and RF-T (n= 10), and two control groups, CAD-C (n= 10) and RF-C (n=10). Heart rate and RR intervals in the supine position, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, and hs-CRP levels were measured before and after IT. HRV was analyzed by spectral and symbolic analysis. The CAD-T and RF-T underwent a 16-week IT program of three weekly sessions at training intensities based on the VAT. Results: In the RF-T, cardiac sympathetic modulation index and hs-CRP decreased (p<0.02), while cardiac parasympathetic modulation index increased (p<0.02). In the CAD-T, cardiac parasympathetic modulation index increased, while hs-CRP, systolic, and diastolic blood pressures decreased (p<0.02). Both control groups showed increase in hs-CRP parameters (p<0.02). There was a strong and significant association between parasympathetic and sympathetic modulations with hs-CRP. Conclusion: The IT program based on the VAT promoted a decrease in hs-CRP associated with improvement in cardiac autonomic modulation.

The influence of aerobic fitness status on ventilatory efficiency in patients with coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypotheses that 1) coronary artery disease patients with lower aerobic fitness exhibit a lower ventilatory efficiency and 2) coronary artery disease patients with lower initial aerobic fitness exhibit greater improvements in ventilatory efficiency with aerobic exercise training. METHOD: A total of 123 patients (61.0±0.7 years) with coronary artery disease were divided according to aerobic fitness status into 3 groups: group 1 (n = 34, peak VO2<17.5 ml/kg/min), group 2 (n = 67, peak VO2>17.5 and <24.5 ml/kg/min) and group 3 (n = 22, peak VO2>24.5 ml/kg/min). All patients performed a cardiorespiratory exercise test on a treadmill. Ventilatory efficiency was determined by the lowest VE/VCO2 ratio observed. The exercise training program comprised moderate-intensity aerobic exercise performed 3 times per week for 3 months. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02106533 RESULTS: Before intervention, group 1 exhibited both lower peak VO2 and lower ventilatory efficiency compared with the other 2 groups (p<0.05). After the exercise training program, group 1 exhibited greater improvements in aerobic fitness and ventilatory efficiency compared with the 2 other groups (group 1: ▵ = -2.5±0.5 units; group 2: ▵ = -0.8±0.3 units; and group 3: ▵ = -1.4±0.6 units, respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery disease patients with lower aerobic fitness status exhibited lower ventilatory efficiency during a graded exercise test. In addition, after 3 months of aerobic exercise training, only the patients with initially lower levels of aerobic fitness exhibited greater improvements in ventilatory efficiency. .

Tai Chi Chuan for Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients with Coronary Arterial Disease / Tai Chi Chuan como Reabilitação Cardíaca na Doença Arterial Coronária: Revisão Sistemática

Background: Several studies have shown that Tai Chi Chuan can improve cardiac function in patients with heart disease. Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess the effects of Tai Chi Chuan on cardiac rehabilitation for patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: We performed a search for studies published in English, Portuguese and Spanish in the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials. Data were extracted in a standardized manner by three independent investigators, who were responsible for assessing the methodological quality of the manuscripts. Results: The initial search found 201 studies that, after review of titles and abstracts, resulted in a selection of 12 manuscripts. They were fully analyzed and of these, nine were excluded. As a final result, three randomized controlled trials remained. The studies analyzed in this systematic review included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of coronary artery disease, all were clinically stable and able to exercise. The three experiments had a control group that practiced structured exercise training or received counseling for exercise. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 12 months. Conclusion: Preliminary evidence suggests that Tai Chi Chuan can be an unconventional form of cardiac rehabilitation, being an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. However, the methodological quality of the included articles and the small sample sizes clearly indicate that new randomized controlled trials are needed in this regard. .

Fundamento: Alguns estudos têm mostrado que o Tai Chi Chuan pode melhorar a função cardiorrespiratória de pacientes com doenças cardíacas. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura para avaliar os efeitos do Tai Chi Chuan na reabilitação cardíaca de pacientes com doença arterial coronária. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS e Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Controlados. Foram feitas buscas por estudos publicados em inglês, português e espanhol. Os dados foram extraídos de forma padronizada, por três investigadores independentes, que foram responsáveis pela avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos manuscritos. Resultados: A busca inicial detectou 201 estudos que, após revisão de títulos e resumos, resultou na seleção de 12 manuscritos. Os mesmos foram analisados na íntegra e, destes, nove foram excluídos. Ao final, restaram três ensaios clínicos randomizados. Os estudos incluídos nessa revisão sistemática foram compostos por amostra de pacientes com diagnóstico comprovado de doença arterial coronária, todos estáveis clinicamente e capazes de se exercitar. Os três experimentos contaram com a presença de um grupo controle praticante de qualquer categoria de treinamento físico estruturado ou receberam aconselhamento para exercício físico. O tempo de acompanhamento variou de 2 a 12 meses. Conclusão: Evidências preliminares sugerem que o Tai Chi Chuan possa ser uma forma não convencional de reabilitação cardíaca, podendo ser terapêutica adjuvante no tratamento de pacientes com doença arterial coronária estável. No entanto, a qualidade metodológica dos artigos incluídos e as amostras de tamanho reduzido ...

Avaliação do conhecimento de pacientes de reabilitação cardíaca: Brasil versus Canadá / Assessment of patient knowledge of cardiac rehabilitation: Brazil vs Canada

FUNDAMENTO: Grande parte da relação entre o estado de saúde e o conhecimento sobre saúde e doença pode ser atribuída aos efeitos combinados de comportamento dísparrelacionado à saúde, condições ambientais e estruturas socioeconômicas, bem como o contato com a atenção à saúde e prestação da mesma. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever e comparar o conhecimento dos pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (DAC),incluídos em programas de reabilitação cardíaca (RC) no Brasil e no Canadá, sobre os fatores relacionados à DAC. MÉTODOS: Duas amostras de 300 pacientes brasileiros e 300 pacientes canadensesincluídos em RC foram comparadas transversalmente. Os pacientes brasileiros foram recrutados de dois centros de RC no Sul do Brasil, enquanto os pacientes canadenses foram recrutados de um centro de RC em Ontário. O conhecimento foi avaliado utilizando o Questionário de Educação de Doença Arterial Coronariana (CADE-Q), psicometricamente validado em Português e Inglês. Os dados foram processados por meio de estatísticas descritivas, post-hoc eteste t de Student. RESULTADOS: A pontuação média total de conhecimento para toda a amostra foi de 41,42 ± 9,3. Os entrevistados canadenses apresentaram pontuações totais de conhecimento significativamente maiores do que os entrevistados brasileiros. O domínio mais bem esclarecido em ambas as amostras foi o exercício físico.Em 13 de 19 questões, os entrevistados canadenses relataram pontuações de conhecimento significativamente maiores do que os entrevistados brasileiros. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes ambulatoriais canadenses relataram conhecimento significativamente maior que suas contrapartes brasileiras. Os resultados também sugeremque um currículo educacional estruturado em programas de RC pode contribuir para um maior conhecimentodo paciente, o que pode em última análise facilitar as mudanças comportamentais.

BACKGROUND: Much of the relationship between health status and knowledge about health and disease can be attributed to the combined effects of disparate health-related behavior, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic structures as well as contact with and delivery of health care. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe and compare knowledge of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs in Brazil and Canada about CAD-related factors. METHODS: Two samples of 300 Brazilian and 300 Canadian patients enrolled in CR were compared cross-sectionally. Brazilian patients were recruited from 2 CR centers in Southern Brazil, whereas Canadian patients were recruited from 1 CR center in Ontario. Knowledge was assessed using the Coronary Artery Disease Education Questionnaire (CADE-Q), psychometrically validated in Portuguese and English. The data were processed through descriptive statistics, post-hoc and the Student's t-tests. RESULTS: The mean total knowledge score for the whole sample was 41.42 ± 9.3. Canadian respondents had significantly greater mean total knowledge scores than Brazilian respondents. The most highly knowledgeably domain in both samples was physical exercise. In 13 of 19 questions, Canadian respondents reported significantly greater knowledge scores than Brazilian respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Canadian outpatients reported significantly greater knowledge than their Brazilian counterparts. The results also suggest that having a structured educational curriculum in CR programs may contribute to increased patient knowledge, which may ultimately facilitate behavioral changes.

Cardiovascular behavior during rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass grafting / Comportamento cardiovascular durante a reabilitação após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the behavior of cardiovascular variables during an in-hospital cardiovascular rehabilitation program in patients following myocardial revascularization surgery. METHODS: A total of 14 patients (mean age: 55.4 ± 6.4 years, 78.6 percent male) participated in the study, all of whom had a previous diagnosis of coronary insufficiency and indication for elective surgery. The protocol consisted of a group of low-impact (2-3 METs) upper/lower extremity and walking exercises performed both pre and post-operatively (3rd and 4th days). The following variables were evaluated at rest and following the exercise program: heart rate (HR, bpm); systolic arterial pressure (SAP, mmHg); diastolic arterial pressure (DAP, mmHg); mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg); double product (DPr, bpm/mmHg); and the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in HR and DPr in the individual analysis (P<0.001) as well as in between days (P<0.001 for HR and P<0.05 for DPr), but only attaining maximal values that were < 30 percent of predicted. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the RPE scale and both SAP and MAP. CONCLUSION: The exercises proposed proved to be safe with the change in key physiologic variables throughout the experiment below recommended values for the hospitalization phase. Furthermore, the RPE scale appears to have a correlation with some hemodynamic variables and thus may be a useful tool for this group of patients.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento das variáveis cardiovasculares durante um programa de reabilitação cardiovascular hospitalar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Um total de 14 pacientes (idade média: 55,4 ± 6,4 anos, 78,6 por cento do sexo masculino) participaram do estudo, todos apresentavam diagnóstico prévio de insuficiência coronariana e indicação de cirurgia eletiva. O protocolo consistiu de um grupo de exercícios de baixo impacto (2-3 METs) para extremidade superior e inferior e exercícios de caminhada realizados no pré e pós-operatório (3 e 4 dias). As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas em repouso e após o programa de exercício: frequência cardíaca (FC, bpm), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS, mmHg), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD, mmHg), pressão arterial média (MAP,mmHg), duplo produto (DPr, bpm/mmHg) e escala de Índice de Percepção de Esforço (IPE). RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo da FC e DPr na análise individual (P <0,001), bem como na análise entre os dias de avaliação (P <0,001 para FC e P <0,05 para DPr), mas apenas atingindo valores máximos que foram < 30 por cento do previsto. Além disso, ocorreu correlação negativa entre a escala IPE e SAP e MAP. CONCLUSÃO: Os exercícios propostos mostraram-se seguros com a mudança de variáveis fisiológicas fundamentais em todo o experimento abaixo do valor recomendado para a fase de hospitalização. Além disso, a escala percepção de esforço parece ter correlação com algumas variáveis hemodinâmicas e, portanto, pode ser uma ferramenta útil para este grupo de pacientes.

Exercício físico e disfunção endotelial / Physical exercise and endothelial dysfunction / Ejercicio físico y disfunción endotelial

Considerava-se que o papel do endotélio era, sobretudo, de barreira seletiva para a difusão de macromoléculas da luz dos vasos sanguíneos para o espaço intersticial. Durante os últimos 20 anos, foram definidas muitas outras funções para o endotélio, como a regulação do tônus vagal, a promoção e inibição do crescimento neovascular e a modulação da inflamação, da agregação plaquetária e da coagulação. Esse achado é considerado um dos mais importantes conceitos da biologia vascular moderna. Atualmente, a aterosclerose é o protótipo da doença caracterizada em todas as suas fases por uma disfunção endotelial, que é definida como uma oferta insuficiente de óxido nítrico (ON), o qual dispõe o endotélio a estresse oxidativo, inflamação, erosão e vasoconstrição. Nesse sentido, numerosos estudos experimentais têm demonstrado que o exercício físico é capaz de restaurar e melhorar a função endotelial. O impacto do exercício no endotélio vem sendo amplamente discutido. Diante de seu efeito vasodilatador e sobre os fatores de risco, tornou-se insustentável a hipótese de tratamento da doença arterial coronariana e de seus desfechos sem a inclusão do exercício físico. Entretanto, a literatura ainda é controversa quanto à intensidade de esforço necessária para provocar alterações protetoras significativas na função endotelial. Ainda, a relação entre exercícios intensos e aumento no consumo de oxigênio, com consequente aumento na formação de radicais livres, também é discutida.

The role of the endothelium was considered mainly as a selective barrier for the diffusion of macromolecules from the lumen of blood vessels to the interstitial space. During the last 20 years, many other functions have been defined for the endothelium, such as the regulation of the vagal tonus, the promotion and inhibition of neovascular growth and the modulation of inflammation, of platelet aggregation and coagulation. This finding is considered one of the most important concepts in modern vascular biology. Currently, atherosclerosis is the prototype of the disease characterized in all its phases by an endothelial dysfunction, defined as an insufficient offer of nitric oxide (NO), which predisposes the endothelium to oxidative stress, inflammation, erosion and vasoconstriction. In this sense, several experimental studies have demonstrated that physical exercise is capable of restoring and improving the endothelial function. The impact of exercise on the endothelium has been broadly discussed. Considering its vasodilating effect and the risk factors, the possibility of treating coronary artery disease and its outcomes without the inclusion of physical exercise became unconceivable. However, the literature is still controversial regarding the intensity of physical effort that is necessary to cause significant protective alterations in endothelial functions. Moreover, the association between intense physical exercises and increased oxygen consumption, with a consequent increase in free radical formation, is also discussed.

Se consideraba que el papel del endotelio era, sobre todo, de barrera selectiva para la difusión de macromoléculas de la luz de los vasos sanguíneos al espacio intersticial. Durante los últimos 20 años, fueron definidas muchas otras funciones para el endotelio, como la regulación del tono vagal, la promoción e inhibición del crecimiento neovascular y la modulación de la inflamación, de la agregación plaquetaria y de la coagulación. Ese hallazgo es considerado uno de los más importantes conceptos de la biología vascular moderna. Actualmente, la aterosclerosis es el prototipo de la enfermedad caracterizada en todas sus fases por una disfunción endotelial, que es definida como una oferta insuficiente de óxido nítrico (ON), el cual expone al endotelio a estrés oxidativo, inflamación, erosión y vasoconstricción. En ese sentido, numerosos estudios experimentales han demostrado que el ejercicio físico es capaz de restaurar y mejorar la función endotelial. El impacto del ejercicio en el endotelio viene siendo ampliamente discutido. Delante de su efecto vasodilatador y sobre los factores de riesgo, se volvió insostenible la hipótesis de tratamiento de la enfermedad arterial coronaria y de sus desenlaces sin la inclusión del ejercicio físico. Entre tanto, la literatura aun es controvertida en cuanto a la intensidad de esfuerzo necesaria para provocar alteraciones protectoras significativas en la función endotelial. Aun la relación entre ejercicios intensos y aumento en el consumo de oxígeno, con consecuente aumento en la formación de radicales libres, también es discutida.